Considering the effective role of productivity in production growth, identifying the factors influencing productivity growth can help to accelerate the growth of agricultural sector. This study has investigated the effects of GOVERNMENTAL CREDITS on total factor productivity (TFP) of agriculture sector in Iran by using Bounds test and ARDL approach over the period of 1973-2010. The results of Bounds test confirm the existence of long-run relationships between variables at 1% significance level. The results indicate that the government’s agricultural CREDITS have a positive and significant effect on the TFP of agriculture sector in the long-run, but, the short run effect of government's agricultural CREDITS on the TFP of agriculture sector isn’t confirmable. The error correction coefficient has been estimated about -0.92 that is totally significant and as expected. Error correction coefficient indicates that, in each year,  92percent of short-run disequilibrium of productivity of agriculture sector adjusts to reach long-run equilibrium. According to the results, increasing of agricultural CREDITS, planning for using susceptible land, familiarizing farmers with advanced equipment and mechanized agriculture, can improve productivity and increase the value added of the agricultural sector.

Introduction: Decreasing regional differences, particularly between cities and villages for preventing human and funds movement and migration are very effective in providing the development. Spatial inequity causes the place not to be used best, provides the means of geographical accumulation of poverty and the intensity of privation in some regions, weakens national and social coherent, makes the best and voluntarily allocation of human force specially expert human force in regions impossible, increases impolitic migrations and makes the best distribution of the population in space, impossible. In short, spatial inequity increases the probability of poverty, unemployment, marginalization, migration and injustice.Development means the increasing of human abilities in well exploiting of his environment. Rational exploiting depends on economic, social and cultural properties. Therefore, every condition that is effective in increasing the abilities in regions, prepares the way for development. Migration, poverty, low production and exploiting, unemployment, etc. in different regions of the country are the result of inefficient operations of economic, social and cultural organizations, overpopulation and discriminatory policies for cities and villages and lack of welfare, producing and fundamental facilities. This study answers the following question: What is the distribution of state funds during the fourth development plan in the province?

One of the most important objectives of all countries is economic development and social welfare; to achieve this aim; it is necessary to have high GDP and it requires human capital and training of experts. To train specialized manpower, higher education plays an important role and it requires investment in higher education. The aim of this paper is to study the government spending (as an important element of investment and expenditure on education) in higher education along faculty members of higher education institutions on higher education along faculty members of higher education institutions in Iran's GDP during 1994-2014. For this purpose, we used Vector Autoregressive Models (VAR), impulse response functions and variance decomposition. Results reveal that government spending on higher education in cost CREDITS and Capital Asset Acquisition CREDITS has a significant positive effect on GDP. Further number of full-time faculty members increases the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The main purpose of this article is to study the impact of banking CREDITS on employment in Golestan province. The type of this research method is applied and it is used of two Procedures descriptive- survey. Regression analysis and panel data model are used for data analysis. The statistical subject of this investigation is credited of all active banks during 1998- 2005 including 11 commercial and specialized banks. To collect information, the survey of documents consolidated financial statements of commercial and specialized banking was extracted and used. Data analysis has indicated that human forces had the most significant effect on the economic growth in the province and is in line with our expectations. The findings also show that the duty CREDITS are of little influence an the province employment whereas non duty credts have been of higher positive role in the province employment.

This paper has been extracted from a research project entitled: " A Survey of the Effects of Bank' CREDITS on Private Investment in Iran and Explanation of Its reasons." In order to do this, we studied the, neoclassics theories of investment. Then, keeping in mind the particular conditions of the country an appropraite model for private investment of Iran have designed in which, the investment is a function of GOVERNMENTAL investment, gross national product(GDP), inflation rate and banks CREDITS to private sector. The results (from the estimation of the model) indicated that the CREDITS have had a significant effect on the private investment during the period under study. Monetary and credit policies, structural factors and substitution of money and capital are the main reasons of the positive relationship.

Banks are considered as one of the most important sources of financing in various economic and social fields in many developing countries such as Iran. In this regard, financing the production units of the agricultural sector is one of the most important issues in managing the banking and economic system of a country. Since access to CREDITS provided by banks to finance the needs of people and manufacturing enterprises in various sectors such as agriculture sector provides more investment and improves the agricultural industry and leads to economic growth and development. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the supply of banking CREDITS in the Agricultural Bank of Iran. To this, the data from 2007 to 2021 and the panel data approach have been used. The results show that non-current receivables have a negative effect and interest rates on bank CREDITS, provincial inflation, GDP growth and bank size have a positive effect on the supply of CREDITS of the Agricultural Bank in Iran. The study of Iran's economic situation shows that despite the important role of bank CREDITS in the process of economic growth and development, the country's economy has not been able to make optimal use of the benefits of bank CREDITS to elimination deficiencies and financing needs of the agricultural sector. Accordingly, it is suggested that monetary and banking policymakers pay special attention to this issue.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors in Iran and its growth is important for food security. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the determinants of agricultural sector. One of these factors is bank CREDITS that provide investment opportunities for entrepreneurs. Some economists believe that the type of bank ownership (public or private) affects the relationship between the variables of bank credit and economic growth. Some of them are in favor of more government intervention and others are against government intervention in the payment of banking facilities. However, in previous domestic studies, the role of bank ownership has rarely been considered. Thus this study aimed at investigating the effect of bank CREDITS on the growth of the agricultural sector with emphasis on the role of bank ownership. For this purpose, ARDL and Fuzzy-ARDL methods as well as quarterly data from winter 2009 to spring 2018 were used. The study findings showed that in Iran, investment enhanced the growth of the agricultural sector, but the increase in labor had a negative effect on it. In addition, the results showed that the facilities granted by state-owned banks were more effective than the facilities of private banks on the growth of the agricultural sector,this finding is in line with the views of the proponents of government intervention in the provision of banking facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that the share of state-owned banks in granting banking facilities to the agricultural sector be higher than that of private banks. For this purpose, the ARDL and Fuzzy-ARDL method is used. The used quarterly data cover winter 2009 to spring 2018. The results show the credit of state banks have more effect on agricultural growth in comparison to the credit of private banks.

The Letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). For this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. The classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial obligation is rooted in the documents that demonstrates the making of transaction by the beneficiary and it is used as a mechanism of payment and financial security in international transaction of goods. Contrary to commercial letter of credit which is a payment document, standby letter of credit has been taken into account for protection of beneficiary in case of default of payment to perform obligation or payment. Standby letters of credit are equal to bank guarantee and issued as performance and obligation security and in the form of letter of credit. This article with comparing of commercial letter of credit and standby letter of credit is to review the similarities and differences of these two documents and the most important legal aspects of both are compared in order to answer this question that when and in which form each of these means are used in international trade by the parties.

The CREDITS paid by banking system CREDITS are one of the main sources of financing in economy and at present time the banks in the monetary market are the greatest suppliers of financial needs of the country.But the more the share of the government from this credit, the less would be the share of the private section. On the other hand, in some economic theories, some GOVERNMENTAL expenditures has positive effect on private sector's investments. This article evaluate the effects of CREDITS paid by banking system to GOVERNMENTAL and non GOVERNMENTAL sectors and the government expenditures through budget on gross domestic capital formation.Results confirmed positive effect for both government expenditures and CREDITS paid to nonGOVERNMENTAL sector on gross domestic capital formation. But the latter's effect was greater.

Bank CREDITS affect employment through providing investment opportunities for firms and creating jobs for applicants. This needs, of course, an efficient financial system in the country to manage properly financial resources in order that the firms can access to the relevant economic effects of employment and growth.  The performance of banking is thus a major determinant of employment and business environment affecting importantly other economic sectors. More specifically, CREDITS devoted to a specific sector may affect indirectly economic activities of other sectors. This development may cause a diversified range of job opportunities in the economy. This study examines the effects of bank CREDITS and other macro-determinants on employment of the Iran's economy including industrial, agricultural and services sectors over 1981-2006. Accordingly, we specify a regression system for such sectors and estimate related equations by the SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regression) method. Empirical results provide a situation to analyze various effects of real bank CREDITS on employment and development of business environment in the Iranian economic sectors.